Issues Menu 
Table of Contents of All Issues 
Issues in pdf  
 
Subject Index 
 

	Blood safety
	Children
	Clinical Care
	Development and Socio-Economic Issues
	Education and Prevention Strategies
	Health Workers' Training and Education
	HIV Testing and Counselling
	Home and Community Care
	Human Rights
	Opportunistic Infections
	Project planning - CARE
	Project/Programme Management and Evaluation
	Safer Sex
	School based Education and Work with Youth
	Sex Workers' Education
	Self-help Groups/People living with HIV/AIDS
	STDs
	Women
	Workplace Education

Acknowledgements 
Introduction 

Section 1: How HIV and AIDS affect young children
 

	1.1  Children infected with HIV Facts about HIV/AIDS and children Where are children most affected? How does HIV/AIDS affect child health?
	1.2  Children affected by HIV Impact of HIV/AIDS on infant and child mortality
	1.3  Children vulnerable to HIV

Section 2: Preventing HIV infection in young children 
 

	2.1 Mother-to-child transmission How is HIV transmitted to children? When is HIV transmitted? Risk factors
	2.2 Preventing and treating HIV infection in women Preventing infection in women Factors which increase HIV risk How Improved STD control can reduce HIV transmission  If a woman already has HIV infection HIV and women's reproductive choices Antiretroviral therapy
	2.3 Breastfeeding Preventing HIV transmission through breastfeeding 1. Consider the possibility that the mother may have HIV Counselling and testing 2. Help the mother to make a decision about infant feeding Breastfeeding and HIV: assessing the risk 3. Advise the mother about how to feed the infant safely Modified breastfeeding Alternatives to breastfeeding Reducing the risks associated with giving alternatives to breastmilk 4. Follow up the infant's growth and general health
	2.4 Other interventions to reduce transmission Improving nutrition during pregnancy What can health workers do? Safe delivery at home Medical procedures during pregnancy and delivery
	2.5 Transmission through blood transfusion Preventing transmission through blood transfusion
	2.6 Acquired infection

Section 3: Diagnosis, treatment and care 
 

	3.1 Diagnosis and testing of infected children Diagnosis Clinical signs and symptoms HIV counselling and testing Birth to 6 Months Issues to consider in testing children for HIV Diagnostic tests
	3.2 Treatment and care Basic care and support needs for all children - with and without HIV Prevention, treatment and supportive care at home Preventing transmission of HIV at home Helping children to stay well Nutrition and children with HIV and AIDS Feeding and illness Safe preparation of food Taking care of common conditions How to give oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution How to make gentian violet solution Giving medicines to children Management of common infections at primary care level Clinical follow-up Referral and treatment Immunisation: protecting against common childhood infections Palliative care in terminal HIV/AIDS Drugs for treatment of children with HIV and AIDS
	3.3 Affected children What can health workers do? Child rights and HIV and AIDS Community-based support programme Strategies for dealing with children orphaned by HIV and AIDS

Section 4: Issues for health workers 
 

	4.1 Pressures on health workers
	4.2 Preventing transmission in health facilities Preventing tuberculosis Safety precautions Care after exposure
	4.3 Advising and counselling caregivers Children living positively Talking to children about HIV and AIDS Confidentiality and children Dealing with illness and death in a young child Dealing with children's questions Planning for a child's future

Section 5: Selected resources 
 

Glossary

Appendix 1 - Basic Facts about HIV and AIDS

Appendix 2 - Example of a workshop to explore issues around HIV/AIDS and young children

Acknowledgements 
Definitions 
Introduction 

Section 1 Before parenthood 
 

	Avoiding infection
	Reproductive rights and choices
	Improving access to contraception
	Abortion
	Getting pregnant

Section 2 HIV in pregnancy 
 

1. Mother-to-child transmission

2. Keeping all mothers healthy

3. Caring for women who know they are HIV positive

Section 3 Voluntary counselling and testing for HIV 
 

	Counselling
	Testing for HIV

Section 4 Care during labour and delivery 
 

	General care during labour
	Elective caesarean section
	Antiretroviral therapy

Section 5 Infant feeding and HIV 
 

	International guidelines
	Deciding whether to breastfeed
	Essential information for HIV-positive women
	Alternatives to breastfeeding
	Exclusive breastfeeding
	Stopping breastfeeding early

Section 6 What else can health workers do? 
 

	No need to feel helpless
	Becoming more at ease with sexuality
	Safe working practices
	Making the most of limited resources

Section 7 Resources

Definitions 
Introduction 

Section 1  Why test for HIV?
 

	1.1  When are HIV tests used?
	1.2  Questions to consider before implementing HIV testing
	1.3  What are the advantages of voluntary HIV testing?
	1.4  What are the disadvantages of voluntary HIV testing?
	1.5  What problems are associated with mandatory testing?

Section 2  Deciding which tests to use
 

	2.1  HIV antibody tests
	2.2  Tests to detect the virus
	2.3  of the test
	2.4  Different tests for different purposes
	2.5  Choice of test

Section 3  Screening blood for transfusion
 

	3.1  Reducing the risk of transfusing infected blood
	3.2  Information for blood donors

Section 4  Implementing HIV testing for individuals 
 

	4.1  Requirements for testing individuals
	4.2  Situations with limited resources
	4.3  Counselling for voluntary HIV testing
	4.4  Pre-test counselling
	4.5  Post-test counselling
	4.6  Being prepared for different situations
	4.7  Confidentiality
	4.8  Problems with implementing counselling services
	4.9  HIV testing for particular groups

Section 5  Screening for surveillance 
  
Appendix 1  Considering HIV testing and testing strategies 
Appendix 2  Characteristics of some selected HIV tests
 
Resources
Organisations 
Questionnaire

Acknowledgements  
Foreword  

1  Commercial sex in context 
 

	1.1  Commercial sex in context Commercial sex and public health Responses Why this handbook?
	1.2  What is in this handbook? Developing programmes and projects Successful strategies
	1.3  Commercial sex: complex issues Commercial sex will continue Sex workers cannot do it alone On sex workers' terms
	1.4  Understanding sex work The sex industry, formal and informal Who are clients? Who are sex workers? Women Men Transgender sex workers Partners of sex workers Commercial sex business owners and managers

2  Developing a policy framework
 

	2.1  Policies and philosophies Core values Individual experiences Management principles Staff and skills Commercial sex and the law A perspective on law reform
	2.2  STD/HIV policy Living with HIV and the double stigma
	2.3  Coercion and human rights Young people and sexual exploitation Trafficking Sex tourism
	2.4 Drug policy

3  Strategies for education 
 

	3.1 Information and education for sex workers for clients for "influencers"
	3.2 Methods Peer education Outreach Group education sessions Educational materials Counselling

4  Enabling strategies 
 

	4.1  STD services and condoms Providing good STD services Distribution of condoms and lubricants Health information needs
	4.2  Other services and skills training Skills training Legal assistance and welfare services Economic development programmes
	4.3  Community development Self-organisation Community strengthening activities Anti-violence activities Police liaison Rescue and rehabilitation
	4.4  Advocacy and civil rights Advocacy in the community Civil rights Organising for better work conditions Better conditions lead to safer services Media
	4.5  People living with HIV/AIDS HIV positive sex worker needs

5  Safe (commercial) sex
 

	5.1  Analysing safe (commercial) sex Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
	5.2  Negotiating safe sex
	5.3  Knowledge and skills Using condoms Oral sex Non-penetrative sex and fantasies Kissing Douching and cleaning Microbicides The female condom Menstruation management Safe transgender sex Recognising STD symptoms

6 Health and safety for mobile populations and drug users
 

	6.1  Migration, mobility and health Types of mobility Health promotion and care
	6.2  Strategies for drug users Harm reduction Other injecting substances Non-injectable drugs Women's health and drug use

7  Making projects successful 
 

	7.1  Assessing needs What is the situation? Who should be involved? What are the sexual health needs? What sexual services are practised? How is sex work organised? What STD services are used? Do services and projects already exist? What policies do services have? What is the legal context?
	7.2  Assessment techniques Gathering existing information Collecting new information
	7.3  Project planning and design Making sense of the problems Turning problems into objectives Activities Measuring change Identifying assumptions
	7.4  Monitoring and evaluation Is the project working?